Pololu AVR Library Command Reference

Function Reference

static void OrangutanAnalog::setMode(unsigned char mode)

void set_analog_mode(unsigned char mode)

Used to set the ADC for either 8-bit or 10-bit conversions. The mode argument should be the either MODE_8_BIT or MODE_10_BIT. When the ADC is in 8-bit mode, conversion results will range from 0 to 255 for voltages ranging from 0 to 5 V. When the ADC is in 10-bit mode, conversion results will range from 0 to 1023 for voltages ranging from 0 to 5 V. The default mode setting is MODE_10_BIT.

Example:

// run the ADC in 10-bit conversion mode
OrangutanAnalog::setMode(MODE_10_BIT);

// run the ADC in 10-bit conversion mode
set_analog_mode(MODE_10_BIT);

static unsigned char OrangutanAnalog::getMode()

unsigned char get_analog_mode()

Returns the current ADC mode. The return value will be MODE_8_BIT (1) if the ADC is in 8-bit conversion mode, otherwise it will be MODE_10_BIT (0). The default mode setting is MODE_10_BIT.

static unsigned int OrangutanAnalog::read(unsigned char channel)

unsigned int analog_read(unsigned char channel)

Performs a single analog-to-digital conversion on the specified analog input channel and returns the result. In 8-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 255 for voltages from 0 to 5 V. In 10-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 1023 for voltages from 0 to 5 V. The channel argument should be a channel number or keyword from the appropriate table above. This function will occupy program execution until the conversion is complete (approximately 100 us). This function does not alter the I/O state of the analog pin that corresponds to the specified ADC channel.

static unsigned int OrangutanAnalog::readMillivolts(unsigned char channel)

unsigned int analog_read_millivolts(unsigned char channel)

This function is just like analog_read() except the result is returned in millivolts. A return value of 5000 indicates a voltage 5 V. In most cases, this function is equivalent to to_millivolts(analog_read(channel)). However, on the Orangutan SVP, the channels measured by the auxiliary processor are reported to the AVR in millivolts, so calling analog_read_millivolts is more efficient for those channels.

static unsigned int OrangutanAnalog::readAverage(unsigned char channel, unsigned int numSamples)

unsigned int analog_read_average(unsigned char channel, unsigned int numSamples)

Performs numSamples analog-to-digital conversions on the specified analog input channel and returns the average value of the readings. In 8-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 255 for voltages from 0 to 5 . In 10-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 1023 for voltages from 0 to 5 V. The channel argument should be a channel number or keyword from the appropriate table above. This function will occupy program execution until all of the requested conversions are complete (approximately 100 us per sample). This function does not alter the I/O state of the analog pin that corresponds to the specified ADC channel. On the Orangutan SVP, the channels measured by the auxiliary processor are averaged on the auxiliary processor, and the library does not support further averaging. For those channels, this function is equivalent to analog_read.

static unsigned int OrangutanAnalog::readAverageMillivolts(unsigned char channel, unsigned int numSamples)

unsigned int analog_read_average_millivolts(unsigned char channel, unsigned int numSamples)

This function is just like analog_read_average() except the result is returned in millivolts. A return value of 5000 indicates a voltage of 5 V. This function is equivalent to to_millivolts(analog_read_average(channel, numSamples)).

static unsigned int OrangutanAnalog::readVCCMillivolts()

unsigned int read_vcc_millivolts()

Performs ten 10-bit analog-to-digital conversions on the fixed internal 1.1V bandgap voltage and computes the analog reference voltage, VCC, from the results. On the Orangutans and 3pi, VCC is regulated to a steady 5 V, but VCC will fall below 5 V on all devices except the Orangutan LV if VIN drops to around 5 V or lower. On the LV, VCC will rise above 5 V if VIN exceeds 5 V. This function can be used to monitor VCC and catch when it is lower or higher than it should be. It can also be used as an argument to the set_millivolt_calibration() function to ensure that millivolt conversions of analog voltage readings stay accurate when the ADC reference voltage, VCC, cannot be regulated to 5 V. Note that this function performs 10-bit conversions regardless of the analog mode, but it restores the analog mode to its previous state before the function returns.

static void OrangutanAnalog::setMillivoltCalibration(unsigned int referenceMillivolts)

void set_millivolt_calibration(unsigned int referenceMillivolts)

This function updates the value of the reference voltage used by the to_millivolts() function (and all other functions that return conversion results in millivolts) to be referenceMillivolts. The default callibration value is 5000 mV, which is accurate when VCC is 5 V, as it is during normal operation for all devices. If VCC is not 5 V and the analog reference voltage value is not adjusted to the new VCC, however, millivolt conversions of analog readings performed by this library will be inaccurate. An easy way to ensure that your conversions remain accurate even when VCC falls below 5 V is to call set_millivolt_calibration(read_vcc_millivolts()) in your main loop.

static unsigned int OrangutanAnalog::readTrimpot()

unsigned int read_trimpot()

Performs 20 analog-to-digital conversions on the output of the trimmer potentiometer on the Orangutan (including the SVP) or 3pi robot. In 8-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 255 for voltages from 0 to 5 . In 10-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 1023 for voltages from 0 to 5 V. This method is equivalent to readAverage(TRIMPOT, 20).

static unsigned int OrangutanAnalog::readTrimpotMillivolts()

unsigned int read_trimpot_millivolts()

This function is just like read_trimpot() except the result is returned in millivolts. On the Orangutan SVP, this function is more efficient than to_millivolts(read_trimpot()). On all other devices the two are equivalent.

static int readBatteryMillivolts_3pi()

int read_battery_millivolts_3pi()

Performs ten 10-bit analog-to-digital conversions on the battery voltage sensing circuit (a 2/3 voltage divider of VIN) of the 3pi and returns the average measured battery voltage in millivolts. A result of 5234 would mean a battery voltage of 5.234 V. For rechargeable NiMH batteries, the voltage usually starts at a value above 5 V and drops to around 4 V before the robot shuts off, so monitoring this number can be helpful in determining when to recharge batteries. This function will only return the correct result when the ADC6 shorting block is in place on the front-left side of the robot. The 3pi ships with this shorting block in place, so this function will return the correct result by default. Note that this function performs 10-bit conversions regardless of the analog mode, but it restores the analog mode to its previous state before the function returns.

static int readBatteryMillivolts_SV()

int read_battery_millivolts_sv()

Performs ten 10-bit analog-to-digital conversions on the battery voltage sensing circuit (a 1/3 voltage divider of VIN) of the Orangutan SV and returns the average measured battery voltage in millivolts. A result of 9153 would mean a battery voltage of 9.153 V. This function will only return the correct result when there is a short across the “ADC6=VBAT/3” SMT jumper on the bottom side of the PCB. The SV ships with this SMT jumper shorted with a solder bridge, so this function will return the correct result by default. Note that this function performs 10-bit conversions regardless of the analog mode, but it restores the analog mode to its previous state before the function returns.

static int readBatteryMillivolts_SVP()

int read_battery_millivolts_svp()

Returns the measured Orangutan SVP battery voltage in millivolts. The battery voltage on the SVP is measured by the auxiliary microcontroller, so this function just asks the auxiliary MCU for the most recent measurement; it does not use the ADC on the user MCU.

static int readBatteryMillivolts_X2()

int read_battery_millivolts_x2()

Performs ten 10-bit analog-to-digital conversions on the battery voltage sensing circuit (a 5/16 voltage divider of VIN) of the Orangutan X2 and returns the average measured battery voltage in millivolts. A result of 9153 would mean a battery voltage of 9.153 V. This function will only return the correct result when there is a short across the “ADC6=BATLEV” SMT jumper on the bottom side of the PCB. The X2 ships with this SMT jumper shorted with a solder bridge, so this function will return the correct result by default. Note that this function performs 10-bit conversions regardless of the analog mode, but it restores the analog mode to its previous state before the function returns.

static int OrangutanAnalog::readTemperatureF()

int read_temperature_f()

Performs 20 10-bit analog-to-digital conversions on the output of the temperature sensor on the Orangutan LV and returns average result in tenths of a degree Farenheit, so a result of 827 would mean a temperature of 82.7 degrees F. The temperature sensor is on analog input 6 on the Orangutan LV, so this method is equivalent to readAverage(TEMP_SENSOR, 20) converted to tenths of a degree F. This function will only return the correct result when there is a short across the “ADC6=TEMP” SMT jumper on the bottom side of the Orangutan LV PCB. The LV ships with this SMT jumper shorted with a solder bridge, so this function will return the correct result by default. Note that this function performs 10-bit conversions regardless of the analog mode, but it restores the analog mode to its previous state before the function returns. Only the Orangutan LV has an external temperature sensor, so this function will only return correct results when used on an Orangutan LV.

static int readTemperatureC()

int read_temperature_c()

This method is the same as readTemperatureF() above, except that it returns the temperature in tenths of a degree Celcius. This function will only return correct results when used on an Orangutan LV, and it requires a short across the “ADC6=TEMP” SMT jumper (this short is present by default).

static void OrangutanAnalog::startConversion(unsigned char channel)

void start_analog_conversion(unsigned char channel)

Initiates an ADC conversion that runs in the background, allowing the CPU to perform other tasks while the conversion is in progress. The channel argument should be a channel number or keyword from the appropriate table above. The procedure is to start a conversion on an analog input with this method, then poll is_converting() in your main loop. Once is_converting() returns a zero, the result can be obtained through a call to analog_conversion_result() or analog_conversion_result_millivolts() and this method can be used to start a new conversion. This function does not alter the I/O state of the analog pin that corresponds to the specified ADC channel.

static unsigned char OrangutanAnalog::isConverting()

unsigned char analog_is_converting()

Returns a 1 if the ADC is in the middle of performing an analog-to-digital conversion, otherwise it returns a 0. The AVR is only capable of performing one conversion at a time.

static unsigned int conversionResult()

unsigned int analog_conversion_result()

Returns the result of the previous analog-to-digital conversion. In 8-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 255 for voltages from 0 to 5 V. In 10-bit mode, the result will range from 0 to 1023 for voltages from 0 to 5 V.

static unsigned int conversionResultMillivolts()

unsigned int analog_conversion_result_millivolts()

This function is just like analog_conversion_result() except the result is returned in millivolts. A return value of 5000 indicates a voltage 5 V. In most cases, this function is equivalent to to_millivolts(analog_conversion_result(channel)). However, on the Orangutan SVP, the channels measured by the auxiliary processor are reported to the AVR in millivolts, so calling analog_conversion_result_millivolts is more efficient for those channels.

static unsigned int toMillivolts(unsigned int adcResult)

unsigned int to_millivolts(unsigned int adc_result)

Converts the result of an analog-to-digital conversion to millivolts. By default, this assumes an analog reference voltage of exactly 5000 mV. The analog reference voltage used by this function can be changed using the set_millivolt_calibration() function.

Example:

OrangutanAnalog::toMillivolts(OrangutanAnalog::read(0));
// e.g. returns 5000 if analog input 0 is at 5 V

to_millivolts(analog_read(0));
// e.g. returns 5000 if analog input 0 is at 5 V

Reference

static void OrangutanBuzzer::playFrequency(unsigned int frequency, unsigned int duration, unsigned char volume)

void play_frequency(unsigned int freq, unsigned int duration, unsigned char volume)

This method will play the specified frequency (in Hz or 0.1 Hz) for the specified duration (in ms). The frequency argument must be between 40 Hz and 10 kHz. If the most significant bit of frequency is set, the frequency played is the value of the lower 15 bits of frequency in units of 0.1 Hz. Therefore, you can play a frequency of 44.5 Hz by using a frequency of (DIV_BY_10 | 445). If the most significant bit of frequency is not set, the units for frequency are Hz. The volume argument controls the buzzer volume, with 15 being the loudest and 0 being the quietest. A volume of 15 supplies the buzzer with a 50% duty cycle PWM at the specified frequency. Lowering volume by one halves the duty cycle (so 14 gives a 25% duty cycle, 13 gives a 12.5% duty cycle, etc). The volume control is somewhat crude and should be thought of as a bonus feature.

This function plays the note in the background while your program continues to execute. If you call another buzzer function while the note is playing, the new function call will overwrite the previous and take control of the buzzer. If you want to string notes together, you should either use the play() function or put an appropriate delay after you start a note playing. You can use the is_playing() function to figure out when the buzzer is through playing its note or melody.

Example

// play a 6 kHz note for 250 ms at "half" volume
OrangutanBuzzer::playFrequency(6000, 250, 7);

// wait for buzzer to finish playing the note
while (OrangutanBuzzer::isPlaying());

// play a 44.5 Hz note for 1 s at full volume
OrangutanBuzzer::playFrequency(DIV_BY_10 | 445, 1000, 15);

// play a 6 kHz note for 250 ms at half volume
play_frequency(6000, 250, 7);

// wait for buzzer to finish playing the note
while (is_playing());

// play a 44.5 Hz note for 1 s at full volume
play_frequency(DIV_BY_10 | 445, 1000, 15);

Caution: frequency × duration/1000 must be no greater than 0xFFFF (65535). This means you can’t use a max duration of 65535 ms for frequencies greater than 1 kHz. For example, the maximum duration you can use for a frequency of 10 kHz is 6553 ms. If you use a duration longer than this, you will produce an integer overflow that can result in unexpected behavior.

static void OrangutanBuzzer::playNote(unsigned char note, unsigned int duration, unsigned char volume)

void play_note(unsigned char note, unsigned int duration, unsigned char volume);

This method will play the specified note for the specified duration (in ms). The note argument is an enumeration for the notes of the equal tempered scale (ETS). See the Note Macros section below for more information. The volume argument controls the buzzer volume, with 15 being the loudest and 0 being the quietest. A volume of 15 supplies the buzzer with a 50% duty cycle PWM at the specified frequency. Lowering volume by one halves the duty cycle (so 14 gives a 25% duty cycle, 13 gives a 12.5% duty cycle, etc). The volume control is somewhat crude and should be thought of as a bonus feature.

This function plays the note in the background while your program continues to execute. If you call another buzzer function while the note is playing, the new function call will overwrite the previous and take control of the buzzer. If you want to string notes together, you should either use the play() function or put an appropriate delay after you start a note playing. You can use the is_playing() function to figure out when the buzzer is through playing its note or melody.

Note Macros

To make it easier for you to specify notes in your code, this library defines the following macros:

// x will determine the octave of the note
#define C( x )        (  0 + x*12 ) 
#define C_SHARP( x )  (  1 + x*12 ) 
#define D_FLAT( x )   (  1 + x*12 ) 
#define D( x )        (  2 + x*12 ) 
#define D_SHARP( x )  (  3 + x*12 ) 
#define E_FLAT( x )   (  3 + x*12 ) 
#define E( x )        (  4 + x*12 ) 
#define F( x )        (  5 + x*12 ) 
#define F_SHARP( x )  (  6 + x*12 ) 
#define G_FLAT( x )   (  6 + x*12 ) 
#define G( x )        (  7 + x*12 ) 
#define G_SHARP( x )  (  8 + x*12 ) 
#define A_FLAT( x )   (  8 + x*12 ) 
#define A( x )        (  9 + x*12 ) 
#define A_SHARP( x )  ( 10 + x*12 ) 
#define B_FLAT( x )   ( 10 + x*12 ) 
#define B( x )        ( 11 + x*12 ) 

// 255 (silences buzzer for the note duration)
#define SILENT_NOTE   0xFF

// e.g. frequency = 445 | DIV_BY_10
// gives a frequency of 44.5 Hz
#define DIV_BY_10	 (1 << 15)  

static void OrangutanBuzzer::play(const char* sequence)

void play(const char* sequence)

This method plays the specified sequence of notes. If the play mode is PLAY_AUTOMATIC (default), the sequence of notes will play with no further action required by the user. If the play mode is PLAY_CHECK, the user will need to call playCheck() in the main loop to initiate the playing of each new note in the sequence. The play mode can be changed while the sequence is playing. The sequence syntax is modeled after the PLAY commands in GW-BASIC, with just a few differences.

The notes are specified by the characters C, D, E, F, G, A, and B, and they are played by default as “quarter notes” with a length of 500 ms. This corresponds to a tempo of 120 beats/min. Other durations can be specified by putting a number immediately after the note. For example, C8 specifies C played as an eighth note, with half the duration of a quarter note. The special note R plays a rest (no sound). The sequence parser is case-insensitive and ignore spaces, which may be used to format your music nicely.

Various control characters alter the sound:

• ‘A’ – ‘G’: used to specify the notes that will be played
• ‘R’: used to specify a rest (no sound for the duration of the note)
• ‘>’ plays the next note one octave higher
• ‘<’ plays the next note one octave lower
• ‘+’ or ‘#’ after a note raises any note one half-step
• ‘-’ after a note lowers any note one half-step
• ‘.’ after a note “dots” it, increasing the length by 50%. Each additional dot adds half as much as the previous dot, so that “A..” is 1.75 times the length of “A”.
• ‘O’ followed by a number sets the octave (default: O4).
• ‘T’ followed by a number sets the tempo in beats/min (default: T120).
• ‘L’ followed by a number sets the default note duration to the type specified by the number: 4 for quarter notes, 8 for eighth notes, 16 for sixteenth notes, etc. (default: L4).
• ‘V’ followed by a number from 0-15 sets the music volume (default: V15).
• ‘MS’ sets all subsequent notes to play play staccato – each note is played for 1/2 of its allotted time, followed by an equal period of silence.
• ‘ML’ sets all subsequent notes to play legato – each note is played for full length. This is the default setting.
• ‘!’ resets the octave, tempo, duration, volume, and staccato setting to their default values. These settings persist from one play() to the next, which allows you to more conveniently break up your music into reusable sections.
• 1-2000: when immediately following a note, a number determines the duration of the note. For example, C16 specifies C played as a sixteenth note (1/16th the length of a whole note).

This function plays the string of notes in the background while your program continues to execute. If you call another buzzer function while the melody is playing, the new function call will overwrite the previous and take control of the buzzer. If you want to string melodies together, you should put an appropriate delay after you start a melody playing. You can use the is_playing() function to figure out when the buzzer is through playing the melody.

Examples:

// play a C major scale up and back down:
OrangutanBuzzer::play("!L16 V8 cdefgab>cbagfedc");
while (OrangutanBuzzer::isPlaying());
// the first few measures of Bach's fugue in D-minor
OrangutanBuzzer::play("!T240 L8 a gafaeada c+adaeafa >aa>bac#ada c#adaeaf4");

// play a C major scale up and back down:
play("!L16 V8 cdefgab>cbagfedc");
while (is_playing());
// the first few measures of Bach's fugue in D-minor
play("!T240 L8 a gafaeada c+adaeafa >aa>bac#ada c#adaeaf4");

static void playFromProgramSpace(const char* sequence)

void play_from_program_space(const char* sequence)

A version of play() that takes a pointer to program space instead of RAM. This is desirable since RAM is limited and the string must be stored in program space anyway.

Example:

#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
const char melody[] PROGMEM = "!L16 V8 cdefgab>cbagfedc";

void someFunction()
{
  OrangutanBuzzer::playFromProgramSpace(melody);
}

#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
const char melody[] PROGMEM = "!L16 V8 cdefgab>cbagfedc";

void someFunction()
{
  play_from_program_space(melody);
}

static void OrangutanBuzzer::playMode(unsigned char mode)

void play_mode(char mode)

This method lets you determine whether the notes of the play() sequence are played automatically in the background or are driven by the play_check() method. If mode is PLAY_AUTOMATIC, the sequence will play automatically in the background, driven by the Timer 1 overflow interrupt. The interrupt will take a considerable amount of time to execute when it starts the next note in the sequence playing, so it is recommended that you do not use automatic-play if you cannot tolerate being interrupted for more than a few microseconds. If mode is PLAY_CHECK, you can control when the next note in the sequence is played by calling the play_check() method at acceptable points in your main loop. If your main loop has substantial delays, it is recommended that you use automatic-play mode rather than play-check mode. Note that the play mode can be changed while the sequence is being played. The mode is set to PLAY_AUTOMATIC by default.

static unsigned char OrangutanBuzzer::playCheck()

unsigned char play_check()

This method only needs to be called if you are in PLAY_CHECK mode. It checks to see whether it is time to start another note in the sequence initiated by play(), and starts it if so. If it is not yet time to start the next note, this method returns without doing anything. Call this as often as possible in your main loop to avoid delays between notes in the sequence. This method returns 0 (false) if the melody to be played is complete, otherwise it returns 1 (true).

static unsigned char OrangutanBuzzer::isPlaying()

unsigned char is_playing()

This method returns 1 (true) if the buzzer is currently playing a note/frequency or if it is still playing a sequence started by play(). Otherwise, it returns 0 (false). You can poll this method to determine when it’s time to play the next note in a sequence, or you can use it as the argument to a delay loop to wait while the buzzer is busy.

static void OrangutanBuzzer::stopPlaying()

void stop_playing()

This method will immediately silence the buzzer and terminate any note/frequency/melody that is currently playing.

set_digital_output(IO_D3, HIGH);  // set pin PD3 as driving high output
//in C++: OrangutanDigital::setOutput(IO_D3, HIGH);

sbi 0x0b, 3  ;i.e. PORTD |= 1 << 3; (PD3 high)
sbi 0x0a, 3  ;i.e. DDRD  |= 1 << 3; (PD3 set as output)

#define INPUT            0
#define OUTPUT           1
#define LOW              0
#define HIGH             1
#define TOGGLE           0xFF
#define HIGH_IMPEDANCE   0
#define PULL_UP_ENABLED  1

Reference

static void OrangutanDigital::setOutput(unsigned char pin, unsigned char outputState);

void set_digital_output(unsigned char pin, unsigned char output_state);

Sets the specified pin as an output. The pin argument should be one of the IO_* keywords (e.g. IO_D1 for pin PD1). The output_state argument should either be LOW (to drive the line low), HIGH (to drive the line high), or TOGGLE (to toggle between high and low).

static void OrangutanDigital::setInput(unsigned char pin, unsigned char inputState);

void set_digital_input(unsigned char pin, unsigned char input_state);

Sets the specified pin as an input. The pin argument should be one of the IO_* keywords (e.g. IO_D1 for pin PD1). The input_state argument should either be HIGH_IMPEDANCE (to disable the pull-up resistor) or PULL_UP_ENABLED (to enable the pull-up resistor).

static unsigned char OrangutanDigital::isInputHigh(unsigned char pin);

unsigned char is_digital_input_high(unsigned char pin);

Reads the input value of the specified pin. The pin argument should be one of the IO_* keywords (e.g. IO_D1 for pin PD1). If the reading is low (0 V), this method will return 0. If the reading is high (5 V), it will return a non-zero number that depends on the pin number. This function returns the value of the pin regardless of whether it is configured as an input or an output. If you want the pin to be an input, you must first call set_digital_input() to make the pin an input.

Reference

static void OrangutanLCD::clear()

void clear()

Clears the display and returns the cursor to the upper-left corner (0, 0).

static void OrangutanLCD::initPrintf()

void lcd_init_printf()

Initializes the display for use with the standard C function printf(). This is not available in the Arduino environment. See the avr-libc manual for more information on how to use printf() with an AVR, and please note that using printf() will consume a significant amount of your Orangutan’s program and data memory. This function is intended to work with the LCD that came with your Orangutan; if you are using a different LCD, you can use lcd_init_printf_with_dimensions() to initialize printf() for the width and height of your LCD. This function only needs to be called once in your program, prior to any printf() calls.

Example

#include <stdio.h>
void someFunction(int x)
{
  lcd_init_printf();
  // in C++: OrangutanLCD::initPrintf();
  printf("x=%5d", x);
}

static void OrangutanLCD::initPrintf(unsigned char lcd_width, unsigned char lcd_height)

void lcd_init_printf_with_dimensions(unsigned char lcd_width, unsigned char lcd_height)

Initializes the display for use with the standard C function printf() and lets you specify the width and height of your LCD using the lcd_width and lcd_height arguments. This is not available in the Arduino environment. See the avr-libc manual for more information on how to use printf() with an AVR, and please note that using printf() will consume a significant amount of your Orangutan’s program and data memory. If you are using the LCD that came with your Orangutan, you can use the argument-free lcd_init_printf(), which automatically initializes printf() for the width and height of your Orangutan’s (or 3pi’s) LCD. This version of the function is useful if you are using a different LCD or for some reason only want to use a portion of your LCD. This function only needs to be called oncce in your program, prior to any printf() calls.

Example

#include <stdio.h>
void someFunction(int x)
{
  // initialize printf() for a 20x4 character LCD
  lcd_init_printf_with_dimensions(20, 4);
  // in C++: OrangutanLCD::initPrintf(20, 4);
  printf("x=%5d", x);
}

static void OrangutanLCD::print(unsigned char character)

Prints a single ASCII character to the display at the current cursor position.

static void OrangutanLCD::print(char character)

void print_character(char character)

Prints a single ASCII character to the display at the current cursor position. This is the same as the unsigned char version above.

Example:

print_character('A');
// in C++: OrangutanLCD::print('A');

static void OrangutanLCD::print(const char *str)

void print(const char *str)

Prints a zero-terminated string of ASCII characters to the display starting at the current cursor position. The string will not wrap or otherwise span lines.

Example:

print("Hello!");
// in C++: OrangutanLCD::print("Hello!");

static void OrangutanLCD::printFromProgramSpace(const char *str)

void print_from_program_space(const char *str)

Prints a string stored in program memory. This can help save a few bytes of RAM for each message that your program prints. Even if you use the normal print() function, the strings will be initially stored in program space anyway, so it should never hurt you to use this function.

Example:

#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
const char hello[] PROGMEM = "Hello ";

void someFunction()
{
  print_from_program_space(hello);
  // in C++: OrangutanLCD::printFromProgramSpace(hello);
  print_from_program_space(PSTR("there!"));
  // in C++: OrangutanLCD::printFromProgramSpace(PSTR("there!"));
}

static void OrangutanLCD::print(int value)

Prints the specified signed integer (2-byte) value to the display at the current cursor position. It will not wrap or otherwise span lines. There is no C version of this method, but print_long(value) should be sufficient.

Example:

OrangutanLCD::print(-25);
// in C: print_long(-25);

static void OrangutanLCD::print(long value)

void print_long(long value)

Prints the specified signed long (4-byte) value to the display at the current cursor position. It will not wrap or otherwise span lines.

static void OrangutanLCD::print(unsigned int value)

Prints the specified unsigned integer (2-byte) value to the display at the current cursor position. The value will not wrap or otherwise span lines and will always be positive.

static void OrangutanLCD::print(unsigned long value)

void print_unsigned_long(unsigned long value)

Prints the specified unsigned long (4-byte) value to the display at the current cursor position. The value will not wrap or otherwise span lines and will always be positive.

static void OrangutanLCD::printHex(unsigned int value)

void print_hex(unsigned int value)

Prints the specified two-byte value in hex to the display at the current cursor position. The value will not wrap or otherwise span lines.

static void OrangutanLCD::printHex(unsigned char value)

void print_hex_byte(unsigned char value)

Prints the specified byte value in hex to the display at the current cursor position. The value will not wrap or otherwise span lines.

static void OrangutanLCD::printBinary(unsigned char value)

void print_binary(unsigned char value)

Prints the specified byte in binary to the display at the current cursor position. The value will not wrap or otherwise span lines.

static void OrangutanLCD::gotoXY(unsigned char x, unsigned char y)

void lcd_goto_xy(int col, int row)

Moves the cursor to the specified (x, y) location on the LCD. The top line is y = 0 and the leftmost character column is x = 0, so you can return to the upper-left home position by calling lcd.gotoXY(0, 0), and you can go to the start of the second LCD line by calling lcd.gotoXY(0, 1);

static void OrangutanLCD::showCursor(unsigned char cursorType)

void lcd_show_cursor(unsigned char cursorType)

Displays the cursor as either a blinking or solid block. This library defines literals CURSOR_BLINKING and CURSOR_SOLID for use as an argument to this method.

static void OrangutanLCD::hideCursor()

void lcd_hide_cursor()

Hides the cursor.

static void OrangutanLCD::moveCursor(unsigned char direction, unsigned char distance)

void lcd_move_cursor(unsigned char direction, unsigned char num)

Moves the cursor left or right by distance spaces. This library defines literals LCD_LEFT and LCD_RIGHT for use as a direction argument to this method.

static void OrangutanLCD::scroll(unsigned char direction, unsigned char distance, unsigned int delay_time)

void lcd_scroll(unsigned char direction, unsigned char num, unsigned int delay_time)

Shifts the display left or right by distance spaces, delaying for delay_time milliseconds between each shift. This library defines literals LCD_LEFT and LCD_RIGHT for use as a direction argument to this method. Execution does not return from this method until the shift is complete.

static void OrangutanLCD::loadCustomCharacter(const char *picture_ptr, unsigned char number)

void lcd_load_custom_character(const char *picture_ptr, unsigned char number)

Loads a custom character drawing into the memory of the LCD. The parameter ‘number’ is a character value between 0 and 7, which represents the character that will be customized. That is, lcd.print((char)number) or print_character(number) will display this drawing in the future.

Note: the clear() method must be called before these characters are used.

The pointer picture_ptr must be a pointer to an 8 byte array in program space containing the picture data. Bit 0 of byte 0 is the upper-right pixel of the 5×8 character, and bit 4 of byte 7 is the lower-left pixel. The example below demonstrates how to construct this kind of array.

Example:

#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
// the PROGMEM macro comes from the pgmspace.h header file
// and causes the smile pointer to point to program memory instead
// of RAM
const char smile[] PROGMEM = {
  0b00000,
  0b01010,
  0b01010,
  0b01010,
  0b00000,
  0b10001,
  0b01110,
  0b00000
};

void setup()
{
  // set character 3 to a smiley face
  lcd_load_custom_character(smile, 3);
  // in C++: OrangutanLCD::loadCustomCharacter(smile, 3);

  // clear the lcd (this must be done before we can use the above character)
  clear();
  // in C++: OrangutanLCD::clear();

  // display the character
  print_character(3);
  // in C++: OrangutanLCD::print((char)3);
}

Reference

static void OrangutanLEDs::red(unsigned char state)

void red_led(unsigned char state)

This method will turn the red user LED off if state is zero, it will toggle the LED state if state is 255, else it will turn the red user LED on. You can use the keyword HIGH as an argument to turn the LED on, and you can use the keyword LOW as an argument to turn the LED off. You can use the keyword TOGGLE to toggle the LED state.

Example:

red_led(HIGH);
// in C++: OrangutanLEDs::red(HIGH);  // turn the red LED on

static void OrangutanLEDs::green(unsigned char state)

void green_led(unsigned char state)

This method will turn the green user LED off if state is zero, it will toggle the LED state if state is 255, else it will turn the green user LED on. You can use the keyword HIGH as an argument to turn the LED on, and you can use the keyword LOW as an argument to turn the LED off. You can use the keyword TOGGLE to toggle the LED state. The Baby Orangutan does not have a green user LED, so this function will just affect the output state of user I/O pin PD7.

Example:

green_led(LOW);
// in C++: OrangutanLEDs::green(LOW);  // turn the green LED off

static void OrangutanLEDs::left(unsigned char state)

void left_led(unsigned char state)

For the Orangutan LV, SV, X2, Baby Orangutan, and the 3pi, this method is an alternate version of red(). The red LED is on the left side of most of these boards. For the Orangutan SVP, this method is an alternate version of green().

static void OrangutanLEDs::right(unsigned char state)

void right_led(unsigned char state)

For the Orangutan LV, SV, X2, Baby Orangutan, and the 3pi, this method is an alternate version of green(). The green LED is on the right side of most of these boards. For the Orangutan SVP, this method is an alternate version of red().

static void OrangutanLEDs::red2(unsigned char state)

void red_led2(unsigned char state)

This method controls the Orangutan X2’s second red user LED and is only defined for the Orangutan X2 version of the library. You can use the keyword HIGH as an argument to turn the LED on, and you can use the keyword LOW as an argument to turn the LED off. You can use the keyword TOGGLE to toggle the LED state.

static void OrangutanLEDs::green2(unsigned char state)

void green_led2(unsigned char state)

This method controls the Orangutan X2’s second green user LED and is only defined for the Orangutan X2 version of the library. You can use the keyword HIGH as an argument to turn the LED on, and you can use the keyword LOW as an argument to turn the LED off. You can use the keyword TOGGLE to toggle the LED state.

static void OrangutanLEDs::yellow(unsigned char state)

void yellow_led(unsigned char state)

This method controls the Orangutan X2’s yellow user LED and is only defined for the Orangutan X2 version of the library. You can use the keyword HIGH as an argument to turn the LED on, and you can use the keyword LOW as an argument to turn the LED off. You can use the keyword TOGGLE to toggle the LED state.

Reference

static void OrangutanMotors::setM1Speed(int speed)

void set_m1_speed(int speed)

This method will set the speed and direction of motor 1. Speed is a value between -255 and +255. The sign of speed determines the direction of the motor and the magnitude determines the speed. A speed of 0 results in full brake (full coast on the Orangutan X2) while a speed of 255 or -255 results in maximum speed forward or backward. If a speed greater than 255 is supplied, the motor speed will be set to 255. If a speed less than -255 is supplied, the motor speed will be set to -255.

static void OrangutanMotors::setM2Speed(int speed)

void set_m2_speed(int speed)

This method will set the speed and direction of motor 2.

static void OrangutanMotors::setSpeeds(int m1Speed, int m2Speed)

void set_motors(int m1Speed, int m2Speed)

This method will set the speeds and directions of motors 1 and 2.

Reference

static unsigned char OrangutanPushbuttons::getSingleDebouncedPress(unsigned char buttons)

unsigned char get_single_debounced_button_press(unsigned char buttons)

This is a non-blocking function that makes it very easy to perform button-triggered activities from within your main loop. It uses a four-step finite-state machine to detect the transition of a button press and returns the value of the pressed button once such a transition is detected. It requires the button to be up for at least 15 ms and then down for at least 15 ms before it reports the press, at which point it resets and will not report another button until the next press is detected. This process takes care of button debouncing, so a bouncy button press will still only result in one reported press. This function should be called repeatedly (and often) in a loop with the same button mask argument buttons (i.e. do not call this function multiple times in the same loop with different button mask arguments).

The argument buttons can be a combination of the keywords TOP_BUTTON, MIDDLE_BUTTON, and BOTTOM_BUTTON (intended for use with the Orangutans) or BUTTON_A, BUTTON_B, and BUTTON_C (intended for use with the 3pi) separated by the bitwise OR operator | or the addition operator +. You can use the keyword ANY_BUTTON to wait for any of the three buttons to be pressed. The returned value is the ID of the button (or buttons) that was pressed. Calls to this function can be combined with calls to get_single_debounced_button_release() in the same loop.

The pushbuttons2 example shows how this function can be used to trigger events in your main loop.

Example

while (1)  // main loop (loop forever)
{
  // put main loop code here

  // the following line immediately returns 0 unless a button has just been pressed
  unsigned char button = get_single_debounced_button_press(ANY_BUTTON);
  // C++: unsigned char button = OrangutanPushbuttons::getSingleDebouncedPress(ANY_BUTTON);

  if (button & TOP_BUTTON)  // if top button pressed
    function1();
  if (button & MIDDLE_BUTTON)  // if middle button pressed
    function2();
  if (button & BOTTOM_BUTTON)  // if bottom button pressed
    function3();
}

static unsigned char OrangutanPushbuttons::getSingleDebouncedRelease(unsigned char buttons)

unsigned char get_single_debounced_button_release(unsigned char buttons)

This is a non-blocking function that makes it very easy to perform button-triggered activities from within your main loop. It uses a four-step finite-state machine to detect the transition of a button release and returns the value of the released button once such a transition is detected. It requires the button to be down for at least 15 ms and then up for at least 15 ms before it reports the release, at which point it resets and will not report another button until the next release is detected. This process takes care of button debouncing, so a bouncy button release will still only result in one reported release. This function should be called repeatedly (and often) in a loop with the same button mask argument buttons (i.e. do not call this function multiple times in the same loop with different button mask arguments). The returned value is the ID of the button (or buttons) that was pressed. Calls to this function can be combined with calls to get_single_debounced_button_press() in the same loop.

The pushbuttons2 example shows how this function can be used to trigger events in your main loop.

static unsigned char OrangutanPushbuttons::waitForPress(unsigned char buttons)

unsigned char wait_for_button_press(unsigned char buttons)

This function will wait for any of the buttons specified by buttons to be pressed, at which point execution will return. The argument buttons can be a combination of the keywords TOP_BUTTON, MIDDLE_BUTTON, and BOTTOM_BUTTON (intended for use with the Orangutans) or BUTTON_A, BUTTON_B, and BUTTON_C (intended for use with the 3pi) separated by the bitwise OR operator | or the addition operator +. You can use the keyword ANY_BUTTON to wait for any of the three buttons to be pressed. The returned value is the ID of the button that was pressed. Note that this method takes care of button debouncing.

Example:

unsigned char button = wait_for_button_press(TOP_BUTTON | BOTTOM_BUTTON);

unsigned char button = OrangutanPushbuttons::waitForPress(TOP_BUTTON | BOTTOM_BUTTON);

static unsigned char OrangutanPushbuttons::waitForRelease(unsigned char buttons)

unsigned char wait_for_button_release(unsigned char buttons)

This function will wait for any of the buttons specified by buttons to be released, at which point execution will return. The returned value is the ID of the button that was released. Note that this method takes care of button debouncing. Since the default state of the user buttons is up, you will typically not want to supply this function with the ANY_BUTTON argument, as execution will return immediately if any one of the three buttons is up. Rather, a common argument to this function is the return value of a function that detects a button press.

Example

unsigned char button = wait_for_button_press(ANY_BUTTON);
someFunction();  // do something as soon as button is pressed
wait_for_button_release(button);  // wait for pressed button to be released

unsigned char button = OrangutanPushbuttons::waitForPress(ANY_BUTTON);
someFunction();  // do something as soon as button is pressed
OrangutanPushbuttons::waitForRelease(button);  // wait for pressed button to be released

static unsigned char OrangutanPushbuttons::waitForButton(unsigned char buttons)

unsigned char wait_for_button(unsigned char buttons)

This function will wait for any of the buttons specified by buttons to be pressed, and then it will wait for the pressed button to be released, at which point execution will return. The returned value is the ID of the button that was pressed and released. Note that this method takes care of button debouncing.

static unsigned char OrangutanPushbuttons::isPressed(unsigned char buttons)

unsigned char button_is_pressed(unsigned char buttons)

This function will returns all of the buttons specified by buttons that are currently pressed. For example, if you call button_is_pressed(ANY_BUTTON) and both the top and middle buttons are pressed, the return value will be (TOP_BUTTON | MIDDLE_BUTTON). If none of the specified buttons is pressed, the returned value will be 0. The argument buttons can refer to a single button or multiple buttons (see the wait_for_button_press() function above). This function returns the immediate button input state and hence standard debouncing precautions should be taken by the user.

Reference

static void OrangutanSerial::setBaudRate([unsigned char port,] unsigned long baud)

unsigned char serial_set_baud_rate([unsigned char port,] unsigned long baud)

Sets the baud rate on the serial port. Standard values up to 115200 should work fine; for higher speeds, please consult the AVR documentation. This function is not needed for (and has no effect on ) the Orangutan SVP’s USB_COMM port. It is required for setting the baud for all UART ports and for the Orangutan X2’s USB_COMM port.

static void OrangutanSerial::receive([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

void serial_receive([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

Sets up a buffer for background reception. This function returns immediately, but data arriving at the serial port will be copied into this buffer until size bytes have been stored.

static char OrangutanSerial::receiveBlocking([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size, unsigned int timeout_ms)

char serial_receive_blocking([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size, unsigned int timeout_ms)

Receives data, not returning until the buffer is full or the timeout (specified in milliseconds) has expired. Returns 1 if the timeout occurred before the buffer filled up. Returns 0 if the buffer has been filled up. This function is useful for simple programs and for situations in which you know exactly how many bytes to expect.

static void OrangutanSerial::receiveRing([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

void serial_receive_ring([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

Sets up a ring buffer for background reception. This is a more advanced version of serial_receive() that is useful when you need to read in data continuously without pauses. When the buffer is filled, serial_get_received_bytes() will reset to zero, and data will continue to be inserted at the beginning of the buffer.

static void OrangutanSerial::cancelReceive([unsigned char port ])

void serial_cancel_receive([unsigned char port)

Stops background serial reception.

static inline unsigned char OrangutanSerial::getReceivedBytes([unsigned char port ])

unsigned char serial_get_received_bytes([unsigned char port ])

Returns the number of bytes that have been read into the buffer; this is also the index of the location at which the next received byte will be added.

static inline char OrangutanSerial::receiveBufferFull([unsigned char port ])

char serial_receive_buffer_full([unsigned char port ])

Returns 1 (true) when the receive buffer has been filled with received bytes, so that serial reception is halted. Returns 0 (false) otherwise. This function should not be called when receiving data into a ring buffer.

static void OrangutanSerial::send([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

void serial_send([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

Sets up a buffer for background transmission. Data from this buffer will be transmitted until size bytes have been sent. If serial_send() is called before serial_send_buffer_empty() returns true (when transmission of the last byte has started), the old buffer will be discarded and tramission will be cut short. This means that you should almost always wait until the data has been sent before calling this function again. See serial_send_blocking(), below, for an easy way to do this.

static void OrangutanSerial::sendBlocking([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

void serial_send_blocking([unsigned char port,] char * buffer, unsigned char size)

Same as serial_send(), but waits until transmission of the last byte has started before returning. When this function returns, it is safe to call serial_send() or serial_send_blocking() again.

Warning: When using the Orangutan SVP’s USB_COMM port, serial_send_blocking() might never return because the rate at which bytes can be sent to the computer is dictated by how often the computer requests to read bytes from the Orangutan. If the Orangutan’s USB port is not connected, or for some reason the computer has stopped reading bytes from the Orangutan’s USB Communications port, then this function might never return. This is not a problem for UART-based serial ports or the Orangutan X2’s USB_COMM port because the rate of transmission is dictated only by the AVR’s code and the baud rate, so all the bytes will finish transmitting in a relatively predictable amount of time.

static inline unsigned char OrangutanSerial::getSentBytes([unsigned char port ])

unsigned char serial_get_sent_bytes([unsigned char port ])

Returns the number of bytes that have been sent since serial_send() was called.

static char OrangutanSerial::sendBufferEmpty([unsigned char port ])

char serial_send_buffer_empty([unsigned char port ])

Returns 1 (true) when the send buffer is empty; when there are no more bytes to send. Returns 0 (false) otherwise.

static void OrangutanSerial::setMode([unsigned char port,] unsigned char mode)

void serial_set_mode([unsigned char port,] unsigned char mode)

Sets the serial library to use either interrupts (with the argument SERIAL_AUTOMATIC) or polling (SERIAL_CHECK). If SERIAL_CHECK is selected, your code must call serial_check() often to ensure reliable reception and timely transmission of data. The default mode for all UART-based ports is SERIAL_AUTOMATIC. The default and only allowed mode for the Orangutan SVP’s and Orangutan X2’s USB_COMM port is SERIAL_CHECK.

static char OrangutanSerial::getMode([unsigned char port,] unsigned char mode)

char serial_get_mode([unsigned char port ])

Returns the current serial mode.

static void OrangutanSerial::check()

void serial_check()

Checks for any bytes to be received or transmitted (on all available ports) and performs the required action. You only need to use this function if one of your ports is in SERIAL_CHECK mode. If all of your ports are in SERIAL_AUTOMATIC mode, you will not need to use this function. The default and only allowed mode for the Orangutan SVP’s and Orangutan X2’s USB_COMM port is SERIAL_CHECK, so you should call this function often if you want to use that port.

Reference

static unsigned char OrangutanServos::start(const unsigned char servo_pins[], unsigned char num_pins)

unsigned char servos_start(const unsigned char servo_pins[], unsigned char num_pins)

Configures the AVR’s Timer 1 module to generate pulses for up to 8 servos. The num_pins parameter should be the length of the servo_pins array. A nonzero return value indicates that the needed memory could not be allocated.

The servo_pins parameter should be the RAM address of an array of AVR I/O pin numbers defined using the IO_* keywords provided by the library (e.g. IO_D1 for a servo output on pin PD1).

On the Orangutan SVP: this function takes an array of AVR pins that you have wired to the demux selection pins. The length of the array should be 0–3. The number of servos you can control is 2^num_pins. The servo pulses are generated on pin PD5, which is a hardware PWM output connected to the input of the demux, and servos should be connected to demux (servo port) outputs 0 – 2^num_pins on the SVP. See the “Servo Demultiplexer” portion of Section 4 of the Orangutan SVP user’s guide for more information.

On the other Orangutans: this function takes an array of AVR pins that you have connected to the signal pins on your servos. The length of the array should be 0–8. Each pin controls one servo.

This function was previously called servos_init(). To maintain compatibility with older versions of the library, servos_init() still exists, but use of servos_start() is encouraged.

Example

// Orangutan SVP: configure PD0 and PD1 to be demux inputs SA and SB,
//   which generates servo pulses on demux pins 0 - 3
// All else: configure for two servo outputs on pins PD0 and PD1
servos_start((unsigned char[]) {IO_D0, IO_D1}, 2);
// C++: OrangutanServos::start((unsigned char[]) {IO_D0, IO_D1}, 2);

static unsigned char OrangutanServos::start(const unsigned char servo_pins[], unsigned char num_pins, const unsigned char servo_pins_b[], unsigned char num_pins_b)

unsigned char servos_start_extended(const unsigned char servo_pins[], unsigned char num_pins, const unsigned char servo_pins_b[], unsigned char num_pins_b)

Configures the AVR’s Timer 1 module to generate pulses for up to 16 servos. A nonzero return value indicates that the needed memory could not be allocated. The servo_pins and num_pins parameters serve the same purpose here as they do in the function above. The num_pins_b parameter should be the length of the servo_pins_b array. The servo_pins_b parameter should be the RAM address of an array of AVR pin numbers defined using the IO_* keywords provided by the library (e.g. IO_D1 for servo pulses on pin PD1). The pins should be connected to the signal pins on your servos. If you don’t want this second set of servos, use a num_pins_b value of 0 (and a servo_pins_b value of 0) or use the servos_start() function above. Similarly, if you want to only use the second set of servos, you can use a num_pins value of 0 (and a servo_pins value of 0).

This function was previously called servos_init_extended(). To maintain compatibility with older versions of the library, servos_init_extended() still exists, but use of servos_start_extended() is encouraged.

static void OrangutanServos::stop()

void servos_stop()

Stops Timer 1, sets all used servo pins as driving-low outputs, and frees up the memory that was dynamically allocated by the servos_start() or servos_start_extended() function. If you want to use Timer 1 for some other purpose, such as playing sounds using OrangutanBuzzer functions, you should call servos_stop() first. Servos cannot be used after calling servos_stop() without first calling servos_start() or servos_start_extended() again.

static void OrangutanServos::setServoTarget(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int pos_us)

static unsigned int OrangutanServos::getServoTarget(unsigned char servo_num)

static void OrangutanServos::setServoTargetB(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int pos_us)

static unsigned int OrangutanServos::getServoTargetB(unsigned char servo_num)

void set_servo_target(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int pos_us)

unsigned int get_servo_target(unsigned char servo_num)

void set_servo_target_b(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int pos_us)

unsigned int get_servo_target_b(unsigned char servo_num)

These functions set and get a servo’s target position in units of microseconds. This is the pulse width that will be transmitted eventually, but this pulse width may not be transmitted immediately if there is a speed limit set for the servo, or if the target was changed within the last 20 ms. A position value of 0 turns off the specified servo (this is the default). Otherwise, valid target positions are between 400 and 2450 us. The servo_num parameter should be a servo number between 0 and 7 and should be less than the associated num_servos parameter used in the servos_start() or servos_start_extended() function.

static void OrangutanServos::setServoSpeed(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int speed)

static unsigned int OrangutanServos::getServoSpeed(unsigned char servo_num)

static void OrangutanServos::setServoSpeedB(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int speed)

static unsigned int OrangutanServos::getServoSpeedB(unsigned char servo_num)

void set_servo_speed(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int speed)

unsigned int get_servo_speed(unsigned char servo_num)

void set_servo_speed_b(unsigned char servo_num, unsigned int speed)

unsigned int get_servo_speed_b(unsigned char servo_num)

These functions set and get a servo’s speed limit in units of tenths of a microsecond per 20 ms. A speed value of 0 means there is no speed limit. A non-zero speed value means that each time the library sends a servo pulse, that pulse’s width will be within speed/10 µs of the previous pulse width sent to that servo. For example, with a speed value of 200, the pulse width will change by at most 20 µs each time the library sends a pulse. The library sends a pulse every 20 ms, so it will take 1000 ms (50 pulses) to change from a pulse width of 1000 µs to a pulse width of 2000 µs. The servo_num parameter should be a servo number between 0 and 7 and should be less than the associated num_servos parameter used in the servos_start() or servos_start_extended() function.

static unsigned int getServoPosition(unsigned char servo_num)

static unsigned int getServoPositionB(unsigned char servo_num)

unsigned int get_servo_position(unsigned char servo_num)

unsigned int get_servo_position_b(unsigned char servo_num)

These functions get a servo’s current position in units of microseconds. This is the last pulse width that was transmitted to the servo, but this pulse width might not be equal to the target if there is a speed limit set for the servo, or if the target has changed with the last 20 ms. This method does not rely on feedback from the servo, so if the servo is being restrained or overly torqued or simply cannot physically move as quickly as the pulse widths are changing, it might not return the actual position of the servo. If there is a speed limit set for this servo, you can use this method to determine when the servo pulse signal has reached its desired target width. The servo_num parameter should be a servo number between 0 and 7 and should be less than the associated num_servos parameter used in the servos_start() or servos_start_extended() function.

Reference

static void OrangutanSPIMaster::init(unsigned char speed_divider, unsigned char options)

void spi_master_init(unsigned char speed_divider, unsigned char options)

Initializes the AVR’s hardware SPI module in master mode. This command makes the MOSI and SCK pins outputs so that the AVR can send data to the slave device. This command makes MISO an input so that the AVR can receive data from the slave device. If SS is an input, this function enables its pull-up resistor so that it is less likely that SS goes low and knocks the SPI module out of master mode (see note above).

The speed_divider parameter specifies the ratio of the AVR’s clock frequency to the SPI frequency. The library defines several keywords of the form SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_xxx for use as the speed_divider argument. These keywords are shown in the table below:

Valid values for speed_divider

speed_divider	SPI Frequency (assuming 20 MHz clock)
SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_2	10 MHz
SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_4	5 MHz
SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_8	2.5 MHz
SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_16	1.25 MHz
SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_32	625 kHz
SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_64	313 kHz
SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_128	156 kHz

The options argument controls three important configuration options for the SPI module. The options argument can be 0 to select all the default options. To over-ride the defaults, the options argument should be a combination of some of the following keywords, combined using the inclusive-or operator “|”.

• SPI_SCK_IDLE_LOW (default): The idle state of SCK will be low; the leading edge will be rising and the trailing edge will be falling.
• SPI_SCK_IDLE_HIGH: The idle state of SCK will be high; the leading edge will be falling and the trailing edge will be rising.
• SPI_MSB_FIRST (default): Bytes will be transmitted/received starting with the most-significant bit first.
• SPI_LSB_FIRST: Bytes will be transmitted/received starting with the least-significant bit first.
• SPI_EDGE_LEADING (default): The AVR will sample data on MISO on the leading edge of SCK.
• SPI_EDGE_TRAILING: The AVR will sample data on MISO on the trailing edge of SCK.

Example

// Initialize the SPI module in master mode at 20/2 = 10 MHz, sample on the trailing edge,
// LSB first, SCK idle state low.
spi_master_init(SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_2, SPI_EDGE_TRAILING | SPI_LSB_FIRST);
// C++: OrangutanSPIMaster::init(SPI_SPEED_DIVIDER_2, SPI_EDGE_TRAILING | SPI_LSB_FIRST);

static unsigned char OrangutanSPIMaster::transmit(unsigned char data)

unsigned char spi_master_transmit(unsigned char data)

Transmits the given byte of data to the SPI slave device, and returns the byte that the slave simultaneously sent back.

static unsigned char OrangutanSPIMaster::transmitAndDelay(unsigned char data, unsigned char post_delay_us)

unsigned char spi_master_transmit_and_delay(unsigned char data, unsigned char post_delay_us)

This command is just like spi_master_transmit() except that after the transmission has finished it delays for the specified number of microseconds before returning. This added delay is useful if you are communicating with any slave device that requires some time between SPI transmissions to give it time to process the byte it has received (e.g. the auxiliary processors on the Orangutan X2 and Orangutan SVP). post_delay_us should be a number between 0 and 255.

Reference

static void OrangutanSVP::setMode(unsigned char mode)

void svp_set_mode(unsigned char mode)

This command sets the mode of the Orangutan SVP’s auxiliary processor. The mode parameter determines the functions of the auxiliary lines A, B, C, and D.

• If mode is SVP_MODE_RX, then lines A, B, and C will be analog inputs (Section 2) and D/RX will be used as the serial receive line. TTL-level serial bytes received on D/RX will be sent to the computer on the Pololu Orangutan SVP TTL Serial Port. The D/RX line, along with the TX line (which is always the serial transmit line), let you use the Orangutan as a two-way USB-to-serial adapter. This is the default mode; the auxiliary processor will be in this mode whenever it starts running, and will revert to this mode whenever the AVR is reset for any reason.
• If mode is SVP_MODE_ANALOG, then lines A, B, C, and D will be analog inputs.
• If mode is SVP_MODE_ENCODERS, then lines A and B together are inputs for a quadrature encoder (called encoder AB), and lines C and D together are inputs for a quadrature encoder (called encoder CD). The functions below whose names end in AB or CD provide access to the output from these encoders.

Additionally, the mode parameter can be inclusively ored with the keyword SVP_SLAVE_SELECT_ON to enable the SPI slave select feature.

• If SPI slave select is not enabled (default), then the ADC/SS line will be an analog input. This line is hardwired to a user trimpot, so the name of the analog channel is TRIMPOT. However, if you want to use this analog input for something else, you can cut the labeled trace between POT and ADC/SS on the bottom of the board. This is the default mode; the auxiliary processor will be in this mode whenever it starts running, and will revert to this mode whenever the AVR is reset for any reason.
• If SPI slave select is enabled, then the line will be used as the SPI slave select line, SS. When SS is high, the auxiliary processor will ignore all bytes received on SPI and will not drive the MISO line. This allows the AVR to communicate with other SPI devices using the hardware SPI module. See Section 12. When SS is driven low, then the AVR can communicate with the auxiliary processor over SPI as usual. The SS line is pulled high through a 100 kilo-ohm pull-up resistor.

static unsigned char OrangutanSVP::usbPowerPresent()

unsigned char usb_power_present()

Returns 1 if the voltage on the power line of the USB connector is high. This indicates that the device is plugged in to a computer or USB power supply. Returns 0 otherwise. This function is useful if you want your Orangutan to behave differently when it is plugged in to USB (for example, by not running its motors).

static unsigned char OrangutanSVP::usbConfigured()

unsigned char usb_configured()

Returns 1 if the device has reached the USB Configured State as defined in the USB 2.0 Specification. This indicates that the device is plugged in to a computer and the right drivers might be installed. Returns 0 otherwise.

static unsigned char OrangutanSVP::usbSuspend()

unsigned char usb_suspend()

Returns 1 if the device is in the USB Suspend State. If the device is connected to a computer, this usually indicates that the computer has gone to sleep, but on some computers the Suspend State occurs several times whenever the device is plugged in.

static unsigned char OrangutanSVP::dtrEnabled()

unsigned char dtr_enabled()

Returns either 0 or 1, indicating the value of the DTR virtual handshaking line on the Pololu Orangutan SVP USB Communications Port. This line is controlled by the computer’s virtual serial port driver and terminal software. This line corresponds to the DtrEnable member of the .NET System.IO.Ports.SerialPort class. This line defaults to 0. Several standard terminal programs set this line to 1 when they connect to a serial port, and then set it to 0 when they disconnect. Therefore this command can be used to determine whether a terminal program is connected to the Orangutan, and make the Orangutan’s behavior dependent on that.

static unsigned char OrangutanSVP::rtsEnabled()

unsigned char rts_enabled()

Returns either 0 or 1, indicating the value of the RTS virtual handshaking line on the Pololu Orangutan SVP USB Communications Port. This line is controlled by the computer’s virtual serial port driver and terminal software. This line corresponds to the RtsEnable member of the .NET System.IO.Ports.SerialPort class. This line defaults to 0.

static int OrangutanSVP::getCountsAB()

static int OrangutanSVP::getCountsCD()

int svp_get_counts_ab()

int svp_get_counts_cd()

Returns the number of counts measured on encoder AB or CD. For the Pololu wheel encoders, the resolution is about 3 mm/count, so this allows a maximum distance of 32767 × 3 mm or about 100 m. For longer distances, you will need to occasionally reset the counts using the functions below. The counts will be increase if A/C changes before B/D, and decrease if B/D changes before A/C.

static int OrangutanSVP::getCountsAndResetAB()

static int OrangutanSVP::getCountsAndResetCD()

int svp_get_counts_and_reset_ab()

int svp_get_counts_and_reset_cd()

Returns the number of counts measured on encoder AB or CD, and resets the stored value to zero.

static int OrangutanSVP::checkErrorAB()

static int OrangutanSVP::checkErrorCD()

int svp_check_error_ab()

int svp_check_error_cd()

These commands check whether there has been an error on AB or CD; that is, if both A/B or C/D changed simultaneously. They return 1 if there was an error, then reset the error flag to zero.

static unsigned char OrangutanSVP::getFirmwareVersion()

unsigned char svp_get_firmware_version()

This command asks the Orangutan SVP’s auxiliary processor what version of its firmware is running. The return value of this function for all Orangutans released so far should be 1. This command can be useful for testing or debugging the SPI connection to the auxiliary processor.

static unsigned char OrangutanResources::getFreeRAM()

unsigned char get_free_ram()

Returns an estimate of the available free RAM on the AVR, in bytes. This is computed as the difference between the bottom of the stack and the top of the static variable space or the top of the malloc() heap. This function is very useful for avoiding disastrous and diffucult-to-debug problems that can occur at any time due to the nature of the C and C++ programming languages. Local variables and the location of function calls are stored on the stack in RAM, global and data variables take up additional RAM, and some programs dynamically allocate RAM with the malloc() set of functions. While malloc() will refuse to allocate memory that has already been used for another purpose, if the stack grows large enough it will silently overwrite other regions of RAM. This kind of problem, called a stack overflow, can have unexpected and seemingly random effects, such as:

• a program restart, as if the board was reset,
• sudden jumps to arbitrary locations in the program,
• behavior that seems logically impossible, and
• data corruption.

Small stack overflows that happen rarely might cause bugs that are subtle and hard to detect. We recommend that you use get_free_ram() within your main loop and also at some points within function calls, especially any recursive or highly nested calls, and cause your robot to display an error indicator or a warning of some type if memory gets tight. If your Orangutan is controlling a system that might damage itself or cause danger to an operator it should go into a safe shutdown mode immediately upon detection of a low memory error. For example, a BattleBot could shut down all motors, and a robotic aircraft could deploy its parachute.

By checking available memory at various levels within your code, you can get an idea of how much memory each function call consumes, and think about redesigning the code to use memory more efficiently. The get_free_ram() function itself should not take a noticeable amount of time and use just 6 bytes of RAM itself, so you can use it freely throughout your code.

See the avr-libc malloc page for more information about memory organization in C on the AVR.

Reference

void PololuQTRSensors::read(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode = QTR_EMITTERS_ON)

void qtr_read(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode)

Reads the raw sensor values into an array. There MUST be space for as many values as there were sensors specified in the constructor. The values returned are a measure of the reflectance in units that depend on the type of sensor being used, with higher values corresponding to lower reflectance (a black surface or a void). QTR-xA sensors will return a raw value between 0 and 1023. QTR-xRC sensors will return a raw value between 0 and the timeout argument provided in the constructor (which defaults to 4000). The units will be in Timer2 counts, where Timer2 is running at the CPU clock divided by 8 (i.e. 2 MHz on a 16 MHz processor, or 2.5 MHz on a 20 MHz processor).

The functions that read values from the sensors all take an argument readMode, which specifies the kind of read that will be performed. Several options are defined: QTR_EMITTERS_OFF specifies that the reading should be made without turning on the infrared (IR) emitters, in which case the reading represents ambient light levels near the sensor; QTR_EMITTERS_ON specifies that the emitters should be turned on for the reading, which results in a measure of reflectance; and QTR_EMITTERS_ON_AND_OFF specifies that a reading should be made in both the on and off states. The values returned when the QTR_EMITTERS_ON_AND_OFF option is used are given by on + max – off, where on is the reading with the emitters on, off is the reading with the emitters off, and max is the maximum sensor reading. This option can reduce the amount of interference from uneven ambient lighting. Note that emitter control will only work if you specify a valid emitter pin in the constructor.

Example usage:

unsigned int sensor_values[8];
sensors.read(sensor_values);

void PololuQTRSensors::emittersOn()

void qtr_emitters_on()

Turn the IR LEDs on. This is mainly for use by the read method, and calling these functions before or after the reading the sensors will have no effect on the readings, but you may wish to use these for testing purposes. This method will only do something if a valid emitter pin was specified in the constructor.

void PololuQTRSensors::emittersOff()

void qtr_emitters_off()

Turn the IR LEDs off. This is mainly for use by the read method, and calling these functions before or after the reading the sensors will have no effect on the readings, but you may wish to use these for testing purposes.

void PololuQTRSensors::calibrate(unsigned char readMode = QTR_EMITTERS_ON)

void qtr_calibrate(unsigned char readMode)

Reads the sensors for calibration. The sensor values are not returned; instead, the maximum and minimum values found over time are stored internally and used for the readCalibrated() method. You can access the calibration (i.e raw max and min sensor readings) through the public member pointers calibratedMinimumOn, calibratedMaximumOn, calibratedMinimumOff, and calibratedMaximumOff. Note that these pointers will point to arrays of length numSensors, as specified in the constructor, and they will only be allocated after calibrate() has been called. If you only calibrate with the emitters on, the calibration arrays that hold the off values will not be allocated.

void PololuQTRSensors::readCalibrated(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode = QTR_EMITTERS_ON)

void qtr_read_calibrated(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode)

Returns sensor readings calibrated to a value between 0 and 1000, where 0 corresponds to a reading that is less than or equal to the minimum value read by calibrate() and 1000 corresponds to a reading that is greater than or equal to the maximum value. Calibration values are stored separately for each sensor, so that differences in the sensors are accounted for automatically.

unsigned int PololuQTRSensors::readLine(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode = QTR_EMITTERS_ON, unsigned char whiteLine = 0)

unsigned int qtr_read_line(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode)

Operates the same as read calibrated, but with a feature designed for line following: this function returns an estimated position of the line. The estimate is made using a weighted average of the sensor indices multiplied by 1000, so that a return value of 0 indicates that the line is directly below sensor 0, a return value of 1000 indicates that the line is directly below sensor 1, 2000 indicates that it’s below sensor 2, etc. Intermediate values indicate that the line is between two sensors. The formula is:

 0*value0 + 1000*value1 + 2000*value2 + ...
--------------------------------------------
     value0  +  value1  +  value2 + ...

As long as your sensors aren’t spaced too far apart relative to the line, this returned value is designed to be monotonic, which makes it great for use in closed-loop PID control. Additionally, this method remembers where it last saw the line, so if you ever lose the line to the left or the right, it’s line position will continue to indicate the direction you need to go to reacquire the line. For example, if sensor 4 is your rightmost sensor and you end up completely off the line to the left, this function will continue to return 4000.

By default, this function assumes a dark line (high values) surrounded by white (low values). If your line is light on black, set the optional second argument whiteLine to true. In this case, each sensor value will be replaced by the maximum possible value minus its actual value before the averaging.

unsigned int* PololuQTRSensors::calibratedMinimumOn

unsigned int* qtr_calibrated_minimum_on()

The calibrated minumum values measured for each sensor, with emitters on. The pointers are unallocated and set to 0 until calibrate() is called, and then allocated to exactly the size required. Depending on the readMode argument to calibrate(), only the On or Off values may be allocated, as required. This and the following variables are made public so that you can use them for your own calculations and do things like saving the values to EEPROM, performing sanity checking, etc. The calibration values are available through function calls from C.

unsigned int* PololuQTRSensors::calibratedMaximumOn

unsigned int* qtr_calibrated_maximum_on()

The calibrated maximum values measured for each sensor, with emitters on.

unsigned int* PololuQTRSensors::calibratedMinimumOff

unsigned int* qtr_calibrated_minimum_off()

The calibrated minimum values measured for each sensor, with emitters off.

unsigned int* PololuQTRSensors::calibratedMaximumOff

unsigned int* qtr_calibrated_maximum_off()

The calibrated maximum values measured for each sensor, with emitters off.

PololuQTRSensors::~PololuQTRSensors()

The destructor for the PololuQTRSensors class frees up memory allocated for the calibration arrays. This feature is not available in C.

PololuQTRSensorsRC::PololuQTRSensorsRC()

This constructor performs no initialization. If it is used, the user must call init() before using the methods in this class.

PololuQTRSensorsRC::PololuQTRSensorsRC(unsigned char* pins, unsigned char numSensors, unsigned int timeout = 4000, unsigned char emitterPin = 255);

This constructor just calls init(), below.

void PololuQTRSensorsRC::init(unsigned char* pins, unsigned char numSensors, unsigned int timeout = 4000, unsigned char emitterPin = 255)

void qtr_rc_init(unsigned char* pins, unsigned char numSensors, unsigned int timeout, unsigned char emitterPin)

Initializes a QTR-RC (digital) sensor array.

The array pins should contain the pin numbers for each sensor, defined using the IO_* keywords provided by the library. For example, if pins is {IO_D3, IO_D6, IO_C1}, sensor 0 is on PD3, sensor 1 is on PD6, and sensor 2 is on PC1.

For ATmegaxx8-based controllers, the pin numbers are Arduino-compatible so you can define the pins array using Arduino pin numbers. For example, if pins is {3, 6, 15}, sensor 0 is on digital pin 3 or PD3, sensor 1 is on digital pin 6 or PD6, and sensor 2 is on digital pin 15 or PC1 (Arduino analog input 1). Digital pins 0 – 7 correpsond to port D pins PD0 – PD7, respectively. Digital pins 8 – 13 correspond to port B pins PB0 – PB5. Digital pins 14 – 19 correspond to port C pins PC0 – PC5, which are referred to in the Arduino environment as analog inputs 0 – 5.

numSensors specifies the length of the ‘pins’ array (the number of QTR-RC sensors you are using). numSensors must be no greater than 16.

timeout specifies the length of time in Timer2 counts beyond which you consider the sensor reading completely black. That is to say, if the pulse length for a pin exceeds timeout, pulse timing will stop and the reading for that pin will be considered full black. It is recommended that you set timeout to be between 1000 and 3000 us, depending on factors like the height of your sensors and ambient lighting. This allows you to shorten the duration of a sensor-reading cycle while maintaining useful measurements of reflectance. On a 16 MHz microcontroller, you can convert Timer2 counts to microseconds by dividing by 2 (2000 us = 4000 Timer2 counts = timeout of 4000). On a 20 MHz microcontroller, you can convert Timer2 counts to microseconds by dividing by 2.5 or multiplying by 0.4 (2000 us = 5000 Timer2 counts = timeout of 5000).

emitterPin is the Arduino digital pin that controls whether the IR LEDs are on or off. This pin is optional and only exists on the 8A and 8RC QTR sensor arrays. If a valid pin is specified, the emitters will only be turned on during a reading. If an invalid pin is specified (e.g. 255), the IR emitters will always be on.

PololuQTRSensorsAnalog::PololuQTRSensorsAnalog()

This constructor performs no initialization. If this constructor is used, the user must call init() before using the methods in this class.

PololuQTRSensorsAnalog::PololuQTRSensorsAnalog(unsigned char* analogPins, unsigned char numSensors, unsigned char numSamplesPerSensor = 4, unsigned char emitterPin = 255)

This constructor just calls init(), below.

void PololuQTRSensorsAnalog::init(unsigned char* analogPins, unsigned char numSensors, unsigned char numSamplesPerSensor = 4, unsigned char emitterPin = 255)

void qtr_analog_init(unsigned char* analogPins, unsigned char numSensors, unsigned char numSamplesPerSensor, unsigned char emitterPin)

Initializes a QTR-A (analog) sensor array.

The array pins contains the analog pin assignment for each sensor. For example, if pins is {0, 1, 7}, sensor 1 is on analog input 0, sensor 2 is on analog input 1, and sensor 3 is on analog input 7. The ATmegaxx8 has 8 total analog input channels (ADC0 – ADC7) that correspond to port C pins PC0 – PC5 and dedicated analog inputs ADC6 and ADC7. The Orangutan SVP and X2 also have 8 analog input channels (ADC0 – ADC7) but they correspond to port A pins PA0 – PA7. The analog channels provided by the Orangutan SVP’s auxiliary processor (channels A, B, C, and D) are not supported by this library.

numSensors specifies the length of the analogPins array (the number of QTR-A sensors you are using). numSensors must be no greater than 8.

numSamplesPerSensor indicates the number of 10-bit analog samples to average per channel (per sensor) for each reading. The total number of analog-to-digital conversions performed will be equal to numSensors times numSamplesPerSensor. Increasing this parameter increases noise suppression at the cost of sample rate. Recommended value: 4.

emitterPin is the digital pin (see qtr_rc_init(), above) that controls whether the IR LEDs are on or off. This pin is optional and only exists on the 8A and 8RC QTR sensor arrays. If a valid pin is specified, the emitters will only be turned on during a reading. If an invalid pin is specified (e.g. 255), the IR emitters will always be on.

Reference

static void OrangutanTime::delayMilliseconds(unsigned int milliseconds)

void delay_ms(unsigned int milliseconds)

void delay(unsigned int milliseconds)

Delays for the specified number of milliseconds. Note that if the supplied argument milliseconds has a value of zero, this function will return execution immediately (unlike delayMicroseconds(0), which will delay for the maximum time possible of 65536 µs). Because this is a loop delay, the presence of interrupts will extend the delay period. For example, the Timer 2 overflow interrupt used by OrangutanTime to maintain the system timers will extend this delay period by approximately 2.5%, so if your system clock is 100% accurate, delay_ms(1000) will actually delay for approximately 1025 ms.

static void OrangutanTime::delayMicroseconds(unsigned int microseconds)

void delayMicroseconds(unsigned int microseconds)

void delay_us(unsigned int microseconds)

Delays for the specified number of microseconds. Note that if the supplied argument microseconds has a value of zero, this function will delay for 65536 us (unlike delayMilliseconds(0), which produces no delay at all). Because this is a loop delay, the presence of interrupts will extend the delay period. For example, the Timer 2 overflow interrupt used by OrangutanTime to maintain the system timers will extend this delay period by approximately 2.5%, so if your system clock is 100% accurate, delay_us(1000) will actually delay for approximately 1025 µs.

static void OrangutanTime::reset()

void time_reset()

Resets the system millisecond timer, but does not reset the system tick counter.

static unsigned long OrangutanTime::ms()

unsigned long get_ms()

unsigned long millis()

Returns the number of elapsed milliseconds since the first time an OrangutanTime function was called or the last time_reset() call, whichever is shorter. The value can be as high as the maximum value stored in an unsigned long, 4,294,967,295 ms, which corresponds to a little more than 49 days, after which it starts over at 0. Because the millisecond counter overflows on an even data boundary, differential millisecond calculations will produce correct results across the millisecond counter overflow.

static unsigned long OrangutanTime::ticks()

unsigned long get_ticks()

Returns the number of elapsed ticks (in units of 0.4 µs) since the first time an OrangutanTime function was called. The tick counter is not reset by time_reset(). get_ticks() can be used as a high-resolution system timer that will overflow back to zero after approximately 28.6 minutes of counting. Because the tick counter overflows on an even data boundary, differential tick calculations will produce correct results across the tick counter overflow. In order to take advantage of this property, it is important to always perform tick-to-microsecond conversions of the differential result, not the individual arguments of the differential calculation.

Example

// if the tick counter has overflowed once since we called prev_ticks = get_ticks(),
// the following call will result in a CORRECT measure of the elapsed time in us
unsigned long elapsed_time_us = ticks_to_microseconds(get_ticks() - prev_ticks);

// and the following call will result in an INCORRECT measure of the elapsed time in us
elapsed_time_us = ticks_to_microseconds(get_ticks()) - ticks_to_microseconds(prev_ticks);

static unsigned long OrangutanTime::ticksToMicroseconds(unsigned long num_ticks)

unsigned long ticks_to_microseconds(unsigned long num_ticks)

Returns the number of microseconds corresponding to the supplied number of ticks, num_ticks. One tick equals 0.4 µs, so 2.5 ticks equals one microsecond.

Reference

static void PololuWheelEncoders::init(unsigned char m1a, unsigned char m1b, unsigned char m2a, unsigned char m2b)

void encoders_init(unsigned char m1a, unsigned char m1b, unsigned char m2a, unsigned char m2b)

Initializes the wheel encoders. The four arguments are the four pins that the wheel encoders are connected to. Each pin is specified using the IO_* keywords provided by the library (e.g. IO_D1 for an encoder input on pin PD1). The arguments are named m1a, m1b, etc. with the intention that when motor M1 is spinning forward, pin m1a will change before pin m1b. However, it is difficult to get them all correct on the first try, and you might have to experiment.

static int getCountsM1()

static int getCountsM2()

int encoders_get_counts_m1()

int encoders_get_counts_m2()

Returns the number of counts measured on M1 or M2. For the Pololu wheel encoders, the resolution is about 3mm/count, so this allows a maximum distance of 32767 × 3mm or about 100m. For longer distances, you will need to occasionally reset the counts using the functions below.

static int getCountsAndResetM1()

static int getCountsAndResetM2()

int encoders_get_counts_and_reset_m1()

int encoders_get_counts_and_reset_m2()

Returns the number of counts measured on M1 or M2, and resets the stored value to zero.

static unsigned char checkErrorM1()

static unsigned char checkErrorM2()

unsigned char encoders_check_error_m1()

unsigned char encoders_check_error_m2()

These functions check whether there has been an error on M1 or M2; that is, if both m1a/m2b or m2a/m2b changed simultaneously. They return 1 if there was an error, then reset the error flag automatically.

#include <pololu/3pi.h>        // use this line for C
#include <pololu/Pololu3pi.h>  // use this line for C++

static unsigned char Pololu3pi::init(unsigned int line_sensor_timeout = 1000, unsigned char disable_emitter_pin = 0)

unsigned char pololu_3pi_init(unsigned int line_sensor_timeout)

unsigned char pololu_3pi_init_disable_emitter_pin(unsigned int line_sensor_timeout)

Initializes the 3pi robot. This sets up the line sensors, turns the IR emitters off to save power, and resets the system timer (except within the Arduino environment). The parameter line_sensor_timeout specifies the timeout in Timer2 counts. This number should be the length of time in Timer2 counts beyond which you consider the sensor reading completely black. It is recommended that you set timeout to be between 500 and 3000 us, depending on factors like the ambient lighting. This allows you to shorten the duration of a sensor-reading cycle while maintaining useful measurements of reflectance. For the 3pi, you can convert Timer2 counts to microseconds by dividing by 2.5 or multiplying by 0.4 (2000 us = 5000 Timer2 counts = line_sensor_timeout of 5000). Setting disable_emitter_pin to 1 (C++) or calling the function pololu_3pi_init_disable_emitter_pin() causes pin PC5 to not be used at all by the library, so that you can use it for something else.

void Pololu3pi::readLineSensors(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode = IR_EMITTERS_ON)

void read_line_sensors(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode)

Reads the raw sensor values into an array. There MUST be space for five unsigned int values in the array. The values returned are a measure of the reflectance, between 0 and the line_sensor_timeout argument provided in to the init() function.

The functions that read values from the sensors all take an argument readMode, which specifies the kind of read that will be performed. Several options are defined: IR_EMITTERS_OFF specifies that the reading should be made without turning on the infrared (IR) emitters, in which case the reading represents ambient light levels near the sensor; IR_EMITTERS_ON specifies that the emitters should be turned on for the reading, which results in a measure of reflectance; and IR_EMITTERS_ON_AND_OFF specifies that a reading should be made in both the on and off states. The values returned when the IR_EMITTERS_ON_AND_OFF option is used are given by on + max – off, where on is the reading with the emitters on, off is the reading with the emitters off, and max is the maximum sensor reading. This option can reduce the amount of interference from uneven ambient lighting. Note that emitter control will only work if you specify a valid emitter pin in the constructor.

Example usage:

unsigned int sensor_values[5];
read_line_sensors(sensor_values);

void Pololu3pi::emittersOn()

void emitters_on()

Turn the IR LEDs on. This is mainly for use by read_line_sensors(), and calling this function before or after the reading the sensors will have no effect on the readings, but you may wish to use it for testing purposes.

void Pololu3pi::emittersOff()

void emitters_off()

Turn the IR LEDs off. This is mainly for use by read_line_sensors(), and calling this function before or after the reading the sensors will have no effect on the readings, but you may wish to use it for testing purposes.

void Pololu3pi::calibrateLineSensors(unsigned char readMode = IR_EMITTERS_ON)

void calibrate_line_sensors(unsigned char readMode)

Reads the sensors for calibration. The sensor values are not returned; instead, the maximum and minimum values found over time are stored internally and used for the readLineSensorsCalibrated() method.

void Pololu3pi::readLineSensorsCalibrated(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode = IR_EMITTERS_ON)

void read_line_sensors_calibrated(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode)

Returns sensor readings calibrated to a value between 0 and 1000, where 0 corresponds to a reading that is less than or equal to the minimum value read by calibrateLineSensors() and 1000 corresponds to a reading that is greater than or equal to the maximum value. Calibration values are stored separately for each sensor, so that differences in the sensors are accounted for automatically.

unsigned int Pololu3pi::readLine(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode = IR_EMITTERS_ON, unsigned char whiteLine = 0)

unsigned int read_line(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode)

unsigned int read_line_white(unsigned int *sensorValues, unsigned char readMode)

Operates the same as read calibrated, but with a feature designed for line following: this function returns an estimated position of the line. The estimate is made using a weighted average of the sensor indices multiplied by 1000, so that a return value of 0 indicates that the line is directly below sensor 0, a return value of 1000 indicates that the line is directly below sensor 1, 2000 indicates that it’s below sensor 2000, etc. Intermediate values indicate that the line is between two sensors. The formula is:

 0*value0 + 1000*value1 + 2000*value2 + ...
--------------------------------------------
     value0  +  value1  +  value2 + ...

As long as your sensors aren’t spaced too far apart relative to the line, this returned value will be monotonic, which makes it great for use in closed-loop PID control. Additionally, this method remembers where it last saw the line, so if you ever lose the line to the left or the right, its line position will continue to indicate the direction you need to go to reacquire the line. For example, since sensor 4 is your rightmost sensor, if you end up completely off the line to the left, this function will continue to return 4000.

By default, this function assumes a dark line (high values) surrounded by white (low values). If your line is light on black, set the optional second argument whiteLine to true or call read_line_white(). In this case, each sensor value will be replaced by the maximum possible value minus its actual value before the averaging.

unsigned int* Pololu3pi::getLineSensorsCalibratedMinimumOn()

unsigned int* get_line_sensors_calibrated_minimum_on()

The calibrated minumum values measured for each sensor, with emitters on. The pointers are unallocated and set to 0 until calibrateLineSensors() is called, and then allocated to exactly the size required. Depending on the readMode argument to calibrateLineSensors(), only the On or Off values may be allocated, as required. You can use them for your own calculations and do things like saving the values to EEPROM, performing sanity checking, etc.

unsigned int* PololuQTRSensors::getLineSensorsCalibratedMaximumOn()

unsigned int* get_line_sensors_calibrated_maximum_on()

The calibrated maximum values measured for each sensor, with emitters on.

unsigned int* PololuQTRSensors::getLineSensorsCalibratedMinimumOff()

unsigned int* get_line_sensors_calibrated_minimum_off()

The calibrated minimum values measured for each sensor, with emitters off.

unsigned int* PololuQTRSensors::getLineSensorsCalibratedMaximumOff()

unsigned int* get_line_sensors_calibrated_maximum_off()

The calibrated maximum values measured for each sensor, with emitters off.